Как правильно использовать who/that/which в придаточных предложениях к подлежащему.

00:46 Что такое составное, придаточное предложение
01:27 Предложение = подлежащее + глагол (+ дополнение)
08:02 Понять, как отличаются придаточные к подлежащему, и придаточные к дополнению
03:32 «Кто-то, что-то (который делает что-то) делает/есть/является/находится что-то, кем-то, где-то и т.д.)»
14:56 Типичная ошибка
16:15 Где выделять запятыми, а где нет.
19:35 Контрольные вопросы и практика

Продолжение темы    • Как правильно использовать who/that/w...  

План видео урока с ссылками на примеры.
Adjective clause or relative clause (same thing).
Now, this is a dependent clause
clause [klɔːz] предложение (являющееся частью сложного предложения)
Different grammar books, this called the relative clause. Relative clause, adjective clause, same thing.
We have two types of adjective clause.
1) defining (= identifying) adjective clause, which means that it's basically pointing to the noun and telling you something necessary about the noun. Without the adjective clause, the noun is incomplete.

define [dɪ'faɪn] определять (значение слова), давать определение (какому-л. понятию)

• The man who lives next door is a doctor. (No comma)
• I met a woman who can speak 6 languages.
• The people who work in the office are very friendly.
• An airplane is a machine that flies.
• The machine that broke down is now working again.
• The man who I saw on the roof wasn’t Santa Clouse.    • Intermediate Levels - Lesson 15: Chri...  

2) modifying (= non-identifying) adjective clause, means it is not necessary, but we put it in to give a little bit of extra information about the noun.

modify ['mɔdɪfaɪ] видоизменять, модифицировать

“между прочим”
• Dr. Smith, who lives next door, is a dentist. (Just extra information, not necessary! Because Dr. Smith – proper name.)
• John, who speaks French and Italian, works as a tour guide. (95b)
• Anna told me about her new job, which she’s enjoying a lot.

One of the biggest questions about adjective clauses is: Do I use a comma or do I not use a comma?
For defining (= identifying) adjective clauses, no comma там, где ВАЖНО!
For modifying (= non- identifying), like the extra information, the ones that you could actually take out and the sentence is still okay, use a comma. (“между прочим”)

What’s the difference?

• My sister who is from Chicago visited me last weekend. (У меня несколько сестёр, я говорю о той, что в Чикаго и это супер важно)    • Writing - Relative Clauses overview  

• My sister, who is from Chicago, visited me last weekend. (Это не супер важно, просто дополнительная инфа, у меня одна сестра)

, who is from Chicago, - “между прочим, она из Чикаго”

• The giant panda, which lives in China, eats bamboo.    • RELATIVE CLAUSES  
• The bear which lives in China eats bamboo.    • RELATIVE CLAUSES  

About adjective clauses: They all begin with a relative pronoun who/that/which.

relative pronoun – относительное (соответствующее) местоимение

• Jack was wearing a hat that/which was too big for him.

This is basically the conjunction of the clause. It is what begins the clause.

conjunction [kən'ʤʌŋkʃ(ə)n] связывание, соединение; союз

"That", "which", and "who" can be both the conjunction and the subject.
"Whom", "whose", "when", "where", and "why" cannot be the subject of the clause! only the relative pronoun, only the conjunction of the clause.

"The man lives next door." this sentence, although it's grammatically complete, is technically, in terms of meaning, incomplete because I don't know who this man is. I need to identify him. So you can think of defining = identifying.

define [dɪ'faɪn] определять (значение слова), давать определение (какому-л. понятию)
identify [aɪ'dentɪfaɪ] отождествлять (что-л.) с (чем-л.) опознавать; устанавливать личность

"The man who lives next door"-"who lives next door"-"is a doctor". Okay? So, again, I still have my independent clause: "The man is a doctor", but now I have my adjective, my identifying adjective clause telling me who the man is.