Neanderthals versus anatomically modern humans

This video explores our relationship to our closest evolutionary relative: Homo neanderthalensis. The story begins approximately 400,000 years ago and continues to the present. We compare this hominin species to modern humans today, while also looking at what gave us the edge to survive.

Writers, editors, film makers, presenters and actors:
Alanna Quinn, Evan Connolly, Sarah Higgins, Lillian Sheridan and Laura Stenson.

Filming locations in Ireland: Geology museum, Zoology museum (both NUI Galway), Salthill beach

Music:   / seamus-boland  

Video frames:
• ‘Heavy Snowfall Covering The Ground’ – Laurel Firlotte
Available here: https://www.pexels.com/video/heavy-sn...
• ‘Cultivation Of Land With Tractor’ – Tuur Tisseghem.
Available here: https://www.pexels.com/video/cultivat...
• ‘Writing And Erasing On A Sheet Of Paper’ – Free Videos.
Available here: https://www.pexels.com/video/writing-...
• ‘The Art Of Painting’ – Steve Johnson
Available here: https://www.pexels.com/video/the-art-...


Picture sources:
Hyoid bone CT Scan: Goldfield, A (2019) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. Available here: https://www.sapiens.org/column/field-...
Neanderthals speaking image: Image credit: April Halloway (2018) Available here: https://geneticliteracyproject.org/20...
Neanderthals ear image: Image credit: Credit: SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (2019) Available here: https://scitechdaily.com/what-really-...
Modern Human and Neanderthal skull: Image credit: hairymuseummat and modified by DrMikeBaxter/Wikimedia Commons (2017) Available here: https://www.theverge.com/2017/10/9/16...

If you would like to learn more about Neanderthals, check out the papers and links provided below:

Papers:
• Berger, T. and Trinkaus, E. (1995). Patterns of Trauma among the Neandertals. Journal of Archaeological Science, 22(6), pp.841-852.
• Enard, D. & Petrov, D.A., (2018). Evidence that RNA Viruses Drove Adaptive Introgression between Neanderthals and Modern Humans. Cell, 175(2), pp.360–371.e13.
• Tappen, N. (1985). The dentition of the “old man” of La Chapelle-aux-Saints and inferences concerning Neandertal behavior. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 67(1), pp.43-50.
• Panawala, Lakna. (2017). Difference Between Neanderthals and Homo Sapiens.


Websites:
‘Who were the Neanderthals and how did they compare to us’
• https://www.sapiens.org/column/field-...
• https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/who-we...

FOXP2 Gene and Neanderthal speech information:

• https://www.nature.com/news/2007/0710...

• https://www.mpg.de/10743075/ear-ossic...